The Man Who Laughs (1928)

The Man Who Laughs is a 1928 American romantic drama silent film directed by the German Expressionist filmmaker Paul Leni. The film is an adaptation of Victor Hugo's novel of the same name and stars Conrad Veidt as Gwynplaine and Mary Philbin as the blind Dea. The film is known for the grim carnival freak-like grin on the character Gwynplaine's face, which often leads it to be classified as a horror film. Film critic Roger Ebert stated, "The Man Who Laughs is a melodrama, at times even a swashbuckler, but so steeped in Expressionist gloom that it plays like a horror film."

The Man Who Laughs is a Gothic historical romance and a Romantic melodrama, similar to films such as The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923). The film was one of the early Universal Pictures productions that made the transition from silent films to sound films, using the Movietone sound system introduced by William Fox. The film was completed in August 1927 but was held for release in October 1928, with sound effects and a musical score that included the song, "When Love Comes Stealing," by Walter Hirsch, Lew Pollack, and Erno Rapee.

Cast/Characters

 * Mary Philbin as Dea
 * Conrad Veidt as Gwynplaine
 * Brandon Hurst as Barkilphedro
 * Cesare Gravina as Ursus
 * George Siegmann as Dr. Hardquanonne
 * Stuart Holmes as Lord "Dirry-Moir"
 * Samuel de Grasse as King James II Stuart
 * Josephine Crowell as Queen Anne Stuart
 * Charles Puffy as Innkeeper
 * Zimbo the Dog as Homo the Wolf
 * Joe Murphy as Danny (uncredited)
 * Edgar Norton as Lord High Chancellor (uncredited)
 * Frank Puglia as Clown (uncredited)

Others

 * Henry A. Barrows
 * Richard Bartlett
 * Les Bates
 * Charles Brinley
 * Allan Cavan
 * D'Arcy Corrigan
 * Howard Davies
 * J.C. Fowler
 * Charles Hancock
 * Broderick O'Farrell
 * Lon Poff
 * Henry Roquemore
 * Templar Saxe
 * Allan Sears
 * Scott Seaton
 * Louis Stern
 * Al Stewart
 * Anton Vaverka
 * Delno Fritz (Sword Swallower)

Production
After Universal Pictures had large hits with Gothic dramas such as The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) and The Phantom of the Opera (1925), the company encouraged film producer Carl Laemmle to produce a follow-up in a similar vein. Laemmle decided to film Victor Hugo's The Man Who Laughs. The title role was originally meant for Lon Chaney (who starred in the previous Universal films), but he was under a long-term contract with MGM Studios.

Being of German ancestry, Laemmle had connections with the German film scene, which gave him an inside track when negotiating with some of Germany's filmmakers and actors. Laemmle had seen director Paul Leni's Waxworks (1926) and was impressed with the movie's sets and ominous stylistics. Laemmle chose Leni to accept the challenge of crafting the film adaptation. In addition, Laemmle pursued Veidt, who played a prominent role in Waxworks, to star. Veidt had also previously starred in The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920).

Mary Philbin's resemblance to modern singer Madonna in The Man Who Laughs has been noted by current critics.

Universal put over $1,000,000 into The Man Who Laughs, an extremely high budget for an American film of the time.

Critical reception
Initially, the critical assessment of The Man Who Laughs was mediocre, with some critics disliking the morbidity of the subject matter and others complaining that the Germanic looking sets did not evoke 17th century England. In recent times, the assessment has been more positive. Critic Roger Ebert declared it "One of the final treasures of German silent Expressionism".

Although actor Kirk Douglas was long interested in producing a remake, The Man Who Laughs has only been refilmed twice in the sound era, as L'Uomo che Ride by Italian director Sergio Corbucci in 1966, and a 2012 French language adaptation that was more closely based on the novel and starred Gérard Depardieu and Christa Theret.

In the 1966 version, Corbucci, however, changed the setting from Queen Anne's England to the 16th century Italian court of the Borgias.

Influence on other works
Veidt's portrayal of the titular heroic character was the original inspiration for Batman's archnemesis The Joker. The title was borrowed for Batman: The Man Who Laughs, a 2005 graphic novel which depicted Batman's first encounter with the character. Notably the makeup of the title character's disfigurement in the 2012 French-English musical film adaptation was in turn inspired by Heath Ledger's portrayal of the Joker in The Dark Knight. The 2006 Brian De Palma film The Black Dahlia shows scenes from The Man Who Laughs and incorporates some related plot points. Rob Zombie's 2010 album Hellbilly Deluxe 2 has a song entitled "The Man Who Laughs". The lyrics page in the CD booklet features pictures from the 1928 film.

Home media
In 2002, Kino Entertainment released the film on a Region 1 DVD.